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Unit 66. Countable and Uncountable Nouns (1)

1] 정의
2] 용법상의 특징
1) 부정관사(indefinite article) 사용여부
2) 복수명사형 가능 여부
3) How many <가산명사>...? vs. How much <불가산명사>...?

A. A noun can be countable or uncountable.

Countable
Uncountable
I eat bananas every day.
I eat rice very day.
I like bananas.
I like rice.
There's a beach near here.
There's sand in my shoes.
Ann was singing a song.
Ann was listening to (some) music.
Do you have a ten-dollar bill?
Do you have any money?
It wasn't your fault. It was an accident.
It wasn't your fault. It was bad luck.
There are no batteries in the radio.
There is no electricity in this house.


B.

Countable
Uncountable
I want a banana.(not I want banana.)
I eat rice every day.
There's been an accident.(not There's been accident.)
There's blood on your shirt.
I like bananas. (= bananas in general)
Can you hear music?
Accidents can be prevented.



C.

Countable (some/

Unit 69. A/an and the

A. 부정관사(a,an): 문맥상 대화자 사이에 처음 언급 또는 도입되는 사물이나 사람을 나타
내는 명사와 쓰임
정관사(the) 용법(1): 대화자 상호간 언급된 사물이나 사람의 존재를 알고 있는 맥락에서 사용됨

ex) I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch.
The sandwich wasn't very good, but the apple was delicious.

ex) A man and a woman were sitting across from me. The man was American, but I think the woman was British.
When we were on vacation, we stayed at a hotel. Sometimes we had dinner at the hotel, and sometimes we went to a restaurant.

B. 정관사 용법(2): 문맥상 특정한 사물을 언급할 때
ex) Tom sat down on a chair. (perhaps one of many chairs in the room)
but Tom sat down on the chair nearest the door.(a particular chair)
Ann is looking for a job. (not a particular job)
but Did Ann get the job she applied for? (a particular job)
Do you have a car? (not a particular car)
but

Unit 74. Names With and Without the (1)

A. 정관사 없이 쓰이는 고유명사와 예외적 사례
대륙명, 국가명, 섬이름, 도시명 등
ex) We visited Canada and the United States.

B. 호칭에서 title+ last name
ex) We called the doctor. but We called Doctor Johnson. (not the Doctor Johnson)
They live near the lake. but they live near Lake Superior. (without the)

C. the +대양, 바다, 강 명칭

the Atlantic(Ocean)
The Amazon(River)
the Nile
the Indian Ocean
the Red Sea
the English channel (between France and Britain)
the Caribbean (sea)
the Suez Canal



D. the + 복수명사

people
the Mitchells(=the Mitchell family), the Johnsons
countries
the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United States
groups of islands
the Canaries. the Canary Islands, the Bahamas, the Hawaiian Islands
mountain ranges
the Rocky Mountains/ the Rockies, the Andes, the Alps


E. 방위를 나타내는 명사
ex) Sweden is in northern Europe; Spain is in the south.

[연습문제

Unit 79. Myself/yourself/themselves, etc.

A. 재귀대명사(reflexive pronouns)
(1) 재귀적용법
ex) I don't want you to pay for me. I'll pay for myself. (not I'll pay for me)
Julie had a great vacation. She enjoyed herself very much.
(said to one person) Do you sometimes talk to yourself?
ex) It's not our fault. You can't blame us.
It's our own fault. We should blame ourselves.
ex) It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with me. (not with myself)

B. 목적어로 재귀대명사를 사용하지 않는 동사
ex) You have to try and concentrate. (not concentrate yourself)
"Do you feel nervous?" "Yes. I can't relax."
C. each other vs. -selves 의 의미 차이 ,
each other(일상체) vs. one another(격식체)
ex) Tom and Ann stood in front of the mirror and looked at themselves.
(=Tom and Ann looked at Tom and Ann.)
but Tom looked at Ann; Ann looked at Tom. They looked at each other.

ex) How long have you and Bill know one another? (o

Unit 84. Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty

A. much/little +불가산 명사

uncountable
plural nouns
much time
many friend
much luck
many peoples
little energy
few countries
little money
few cars


B. A lot of/lots of/plenty of: 가산명사, 불가산 명사 모두 사용 가능
ex) a lot of luck
a lot of friends
lots of time
lots of people
plenty of money
plenty of ideas
ex) There's no need to hurry. We've got plenty of time.

C. Much: 글정평서문에 주로 사용
ex) We didn't spend much money. (negative)
Does he go out much? (question)
but We spent a lot of money. (not We spent much money)
He goes out a lot. (not He goes out much)

ex) Many people drive too fast. or A lot of / Lots of people drive too fast.
Do you know many people? or Do you know a lot of/ lots of people?
He doesn't go out a lot. or He doesn't go out much.

D. Little, few +명사: 부정의 의미
ex) We had to make a quick decision. There was little t

Unit 89. Relative Causes (1) Clauses With who/ that/ which

A. 관계대명사 who: 선행사가 사람인 경우
ex) The woman who lives next door. . .("who lives next door"tells us which woman)
People who live in London. . . ("who live in London" tells us what kind of people)
ex) An architect is someone who designs buildings.
What was the name of the man who lent you the money?
Anyone who is interested in the job must apply before next Friday.
ex) The man that lives next door is very friendly.

B. 관계대명사 that, which: 선행사가 사물
ex) I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or stories which have)
Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.
(or a company which makes)
The machine that broke down has now been repaired.
(or The machine which broke down)

C. 관계대명사 what 의 용법: 선행사가 없는 경우
ex) Everything that happened was my fault. (not Everything what happened)
ex) What happened was my fault. (

Unit 94. -ing and -ed Phrases (the woman talking to Tom, the boy injured in the accident)

A. 분사구와 관계대명사 구문의 관계
ex) Do you know the woman talking to Tom?
?-ing phrase?

The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital.
?-ed phrase?

B. 현재분사구문
ex) Do you know the woman talking to Tom? (the woman is talking to Tom)
Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.
(police are investigating)
Who were those people waiting outside? (they were waiting)
I was awakened by a bell ringing. (a bell was ringing)

ex) The road connecting the two towns is very narrow, (the road connects the two towns)
I have a large bedroom overlooking the garden. (the bedroom overlooks the garden)
Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with "t"?
(the name begins with "t")

C. 과거분사구문
ex) The boy injured in the accident was taken to the hospital. (the

중간고사 및 풀이

Unit 99. So and such


so+adjective/adverb
such+noun
so stupid so quick so nice so quickly
such a story such people
I didn't enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.
I didn't like the book. It was such a stupid story. (not a so stupid story)
I like Tom and Ann. They are so nice.
I like Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. (not so nice people)

It's such a big house. (not a such big house)
A. ,


B.
So
Such
It's a beautiful day, isn't it? It's so warm.
We enjoyed our vacation. We had such a good time.(=a really good time)
He's hard to understand because he speaks so quickly.

so/such 의 기능: 형용사, 부사의 의미 강조

ex)
so... that...
such...that
The book was so good that I couldn't put it down.
It was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.
I was so tired that I fell asleep in the armchair.
It was such nice weather that we spent the whole day at the beach.


ex)
leave out that
I was so tired (th

Unit 104. Superlatives - the longest /the most enjoyable, etc.

A. 최상급 구문(the +최상급)
ex) What is the longest river in the world?
What is the most enjoyable vacation you've ever had?


B. 형용사, 부사의 최상급 어형
-est
long→longest
hot→hottest
easy→easiest
hard→hardest
most
most famous
most boring
most difficult
most expensive

ex) irregular adjectives
good→best bad→worst far→farthest/furthest

C. 최상급 앞에 쓰이는 정관사 ‘the'
ex) Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
That movie was really boring. It was the most boring movie I've ever seen.
She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people I know.
Why does he always come to see me at the worst possible moment?

ex) This hotel is the cheapest in town. (superlative)
This hotel is cheaper than all the others in town. (comparative)

D. oldest vs. eldest(가족관계)
ex) That church is the oldest building in the town. (not the eldest)

ex) My eldest son

Unit 109. Although/ though/ even though, In spite of/ despite

A.
Last year Jill spent their vacation at the beach. It rained a lot, but they enjoyed themselves.
you can say:
Although it rained a lot, they enjoyed themselves. (=It rained a lot, but they...)
or
In spite of the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
Despite the rain, they enjoyed themselves.
양보적 의미 구문: although, in spite/despite of

B. Although + S +V... 구문
ex) Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our vacation.
I didn't get the job although I was extremely qualified.

ex) We went our although it was raining.
We didn't go out because it was raining.

C. In spite of, Despite of 구문
ex) In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our vacation.
I didn't get the job in spite of being extremely qualified.
She felt sick, but in spite of this she went to work.
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.

ex) She felt sick, but despite this she went to work. (not despite of this)

114. As if, as though, and like

A. as if + 직설법, as if +가정법 과거
ex) That house looks as if it's going to fall down.
Ann sounded as if she had a cold, didn't she?
I've just come back from vacation, but I feel tired and depressed. I don't feel as if I've just had a vacation.

ex) You look tired. (look + adjective)
You look as if you didn't sleep last night. (look + as if + subject + verb)

ex) Ann sounded as though she had a cold. or Ann sounded like she had a cold.

B. + like/ as if.../ as though
ex) Sandra is very late, isn't she? It looks like she isn't coming.
We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.
Do you hear that music next door? It sounds like they're having a party.
It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.

C. +like/ as if / as though
ex) He ran like he was running for his life.
After the interruption, the speaker

Unit. 119 In/ at/ on (Place) (1)

A. In (장소, 공간)...안에
There's no one in the room/ in the building/ in the garden.
What do you have in your had in your mouth?
When we were in Italy, we spent a few days in Venice. (not at Venice)
I have a friend who lives in a small village in the mountains.
Look at those people swimming in the pool / in the ocean/ in the river.

B. At (장소를 하나의 목표/위치로 생각함)...에
Who is that man standing at the bus stop. at the door/ at the window?
Turn left at the traffic light/ at the intersection/ at the church.
When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at the front desk.

C. On (선, 평면의) 위에
ex) I sat on the floor/ on the ground/ on the grass/ on a chair/ on the beach.
There's a red mark on the wall/ on your shirt on your cheek.
Have you seen the notice on the bulletin board/ on the door?
You'll find the listings of TV programs on page 7 (of the newspaper).

D. In(공간개념) vs. a

Unit 126. Adjective + Preposition(1)

A. It be +형용사(감정, 성질) +of 목적격 + to 부정사
ex) Thank you. it was very nice/ kind of you to help me.
It is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather.


ex) They have always been very nice/ kind to me. (not with me)

B. 형용사 + about/with/at
ex) Max is really angry about what his brother said.

ex) Are you mad at me for being late?
Pat's pretty upset with me for forgetting her birthday.

ex) Carol is worried about not having enough money.
Were you disappointed with your paycheck?

C. 형용사 + at/by/with
ex) Everybody was surprised at (or by) the news.
I hope you weren't shocked by (or at) what I said.

ex) I'm very impressed with (or by) her English. It's very good.

ex) I don't like my job anymore. I'm fed up with it./I'm bored with it.

D. sorry about, sorry for
ex) I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a party.

ex) I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

Unit 130. Ver + Preposition (3) - about and of

A. dream ABOUT...
ex) I dreamed about you last nigh. (when I was asleep)

dream OF being something/ doing something (=imagine):
ex)I often dream of being rich.
"Don't tell anyone what I said." "No, I wouldn't dream of it." (=I would never do it)

B. hear ABOUT... (=be told about something):
ex) Did you hear about the fight in the restaurant on Saturday night?

hear OF...(=know that somebody/something exists):
ex) "Who is Tom hart?" "I have no idea. I've never heard of him." (not heard from him.)

C. think ABOUT... and think OF...
ex) You look serious. What are you thinking about?
" Will you lend me the money?" "I'll think about it."

think OF
ex) He told me his name, but I can't think of it now. (not think about it)
That's a good idea. Why didn't I think of that? (not think about that)

think of
ex) "What did you think of the movie?" "I didn't think much of it."(=I didn't like it much)

think of o

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